地上: on the ground, on the floor...
透过: to pass through, to penetrate, by means of, via...
地图: map...
除外: to exclude, not including sth (when counting or listing), except for...
保卫: to defend, to safeguard...
灌溉: to irrigate...
优质: excellent quality...
老化: to age (of person or object), becoming old...
免除: to prevent, to avoid, to excuse, to exempt, to relieve, (of a debt) to remit...
包庇: to shield, to harbor, to cover up...
